Peel apples; cut in half and core. Cut into 1- to 2-inch (2.5 to 5 cm) chunks. In medium bowl, whisk eggs until foamy. Pour in sugar; whisk for a minute or so to blend. Whisk in rum and vanilla. Whisk in half of the flour mixture until incorporated; add half of the melted butter. Repeat with remaining flour and butter, mixing gently after each ...Oct 29, 2023 · Set aside. Beat together the butter and sugar with an electric mixer until nice and fluffy, scraping down the bowl as needed. Add the eggs, one at a time, beating in between each addition and scraping down the bowl as needed. Add vanilla extract and orange zest beat together and set this mixture aside.Add in the sugar, cool melted butter vanilla extract and rum. Beat for 2 minutes so all is well combined. Add the flour and baking powder mix to the egg and butter mixture. Beat on medium low for a minute until combined. Make sure not to overmix. Fold in the apples into the batter using a spatula.Instructions. Preheat the oven to 400°F. Place a large sheet of parchment paper over a baking sheet. Unroll your puff pastry sheet (or if you've made your own, roll it out on a lightly floured surface to 10 1/2" by 15 1/2”). Use a fork to pierce all over the puff pastry.Instructions. Preheat oven to 180°C/350°F (all oven types). Grease and line a 21 cm / 9" springform cake pan. (Note 4) Place flour, baking soda, salt and spices in a large bowl and whisk to combine. Whisk oil and sugar in a bowl, then whisk in eggs and vanilla.Oct 8, 2023 · Instructions. Preheat the oven to 350 F and prepare a 9 inch spring form or cake pan by lining it with parchment paper and spraying with non stick spray, or butter and then set it aside. Peel the apples next and cut them into 1/2 inch dices, then set aside. In a medium dish, sift flour, baking powder and salt and set aside. Put mixture in the cake tin. Bake for about 5 minutes at 210°C and then 40 minutes at 150°C. Take out of the oven and leave to cool before removing form the tin.Jul 5, 2020 · Set aside. Photo 1 & 2: Place the Eggs and Brown Sugar in a large bowl. Whisk for a couple of minutes or until lightly bubbly. Photo 3 & 4: Stir in the Canola Oil and Applesauce and whisk until smooth. In a separate bowl, mix together all the dry ingredients: Flour, Baking Powder, Salt and Spices.Sep 28, 2021 · To Make the French Apple Cake. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Coat a 9-inch spring form pan with butter and flour and set aside. In a large skillet (either 10 or preferably 12 inches), add 141 grams of butter and cook until the butter begins to brown. Set aside and preheat the oven to 350ºF. In a large bowl beat together the egg yolks with sugar for 3 minutes, or until the batter is pale, thick, and tripled in volume. Mix in the extracts, then the almond flour, cornstarch, baking powder, and salt. At this point the batter will be very thick. Set aside.Use apple brandy —Decrease the rum to 2 tablespoons and add 2 tablespoons of Calvados or another apple brandy to amp up the apple flavor. Gild the lily …Nov 23, 2020 ... FRENCH APPLE CAKE: This recipe is a must-have recipe. It's a showstopper for entertaining and just plain delicious for a family movie night.Make the Crumb Topping: Cut the butter into chunks and put it in a microwave-safe bowl. Heat in the microwave until melted. Alternatively, melt the butter in a small saucepan set over low heat. Add the brown sugar, granulated sugar, cinnamon, and salt to a medium size bowl and stir to combine.While we might think of pumpkin-spice flavored coffee drinks first, autumn ushers in a whole slew of comforting, tasty flavors and dishes. At seasonal gatherings, like Halloween or...Oct 31, 2023 · In a small bowl, whisk flour and baking powder until well combined, at least 30 seconds; set bowl aside. In a medium bowl, whisk miso and butter until miso is broken up. Whisk in roughly 2 tablespoons of milk until mixture is smooth and no lumps remain, about 30 seconds. Whisk in remaining milk until smooth; set aside. Preheat the oven to 400 F. On a lightly floured surface, roll the dough a circle large enough to fit a 9-inch or 10-inch fluted tart pan. It should be about 11 to 12 inches wide and 1/8 inch thick. Lay the dough into the tart pan …Jan 27, 2021 ... This gooey French Apple Cake perfectly embodies the tastes of fall! Made with rum, it's a simple cake that is not too sweet and deliciously ...Dump onto a floured board and knead quickly into a ball. Wrap in plastic and refrigerate for at least 1 hour. Preheat the oven to 400 degrees. Line a sheet pan with parchment paper. Roll the dough slightly larger than 10 x 14 …Instructions. Preheat oven to 350°F (180°C). Spray an 8-inch springform pan with baking spray with flour. In a medium bowl, combine Granny Smith and Gala apples. Microwave on high until apples are softened but not translucent, about 2 …80ml/2.7flozs. milk. 3 teaspoons vanilla extract or paste. Step 1 - Grease and line a 20cm/8inch round springform tin and preheat oven to 180C/350F. Soak the apples in water with lemon juice until ready for them. Step 2 - …France is famous for its fabulously fancy pastries and baked goods, but this simple, rustic, easy to make French Apple Cake is so beautiful, and delicious, i... Instructions. Preaheat oven to 325 degrees Fahrenheit. Prepare the cake pan by spraying a 9-inch springform pan with vegetable oil spray. Peel, core, and slice the apples. In a large microwave-proof bowl, add apples, cover with plastic wrap, and …Feb 28, 2019 ... Ingredients · 1–1/2 pounds Granny Smith apples, peeled, cored, cut into 8 wedges and sliced 1/8-inch-thick crosswise (to form little squares) ...Nov 9, 2020 · Preheat the oven to 350°F. Grease a 6-inch cake pan with softened butter. Then pour turbinado sugar into the pan. Move the pan from side to side to coat the bottom and inside edges of the pan with sugar. Temporarily set aside. In a small skillet over medium heat, melt the 2 tbsp of butter. Apr 30, 2021 · 3Peel, core and chop the apples, place in the tin. Put the rest of the ingredients into a bowl and using the Hand Mixer with beaters at top speed, beat to a smooth cream. 4Pour the batter over the apples and bake for 45 minutes on the middle shelf. 5Beat the topping ingredients together and pour over the semi-baked cake. Sep 29, 2023 · Prepare the apples: Remove the core and peel the apples, then cut into 1-inch chunks. Mix dry ingredients: In a small bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt. Whisk wet ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk together eggs and sugar until thoroughly mixed and glossy. Then, whisk in the rum and vanilla. Oct 18, 2021 · If using a regular cake pan, line the bottom of the pan with parchment paper and grease again. In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder and salt. Using a handheld mixer with beaters or a stand mixer with the paddle attachment, cream the butter and granulated sugar until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes.Preheat the oven to 350 F. Coat a 9-inch springform pan with cooking spray and line the bottom with parchment paper; set aside. Whisk together 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons (135 grams) all-purpose flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, and 1/2 teaspoon fine salt in a medium bowl.Jul 31, 2023 · In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt. 2 In a large bowl, whisk eggs until foamy. Add melted butter, 3/4 cup sugar, rum, and vanilla and whisk to combine. Add dry ... Jul 24, 2023 ... Ingredients · 1 Cup Plain White Flour, 150 grams · 1 teaspoon Baking Powder · 1/4 teaspoon Salt · 115 grams Butter, cubed, room temp &m...Jan 15, 2024 · Instructions. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. and grease a 10-inch springform pan with butter (alternately line it with parchment paper which will make the cake very easy to remove from the pan) In a small bowl, whisk the flour, baking powder, and salt then set aside. Peel, core, and thinly slice the apples. Toss apple slices with Calvados and lemon juice and let cool for 15 minutes. 2. Whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt together in bowl. Whisk egg, oil, milk, and vanilla together in second bowl until smooth. Add dry ingredients to wet ingredients and whisk until just combined.Feb 5, 2023 · Into a small mixing bowl, weigh the flour, baking powder and salt, stir to mix and set aside. Weigh the sugar and add the eggs to a larger mixing bowl and use an electric whisk to beat until light and fluffy. This will take around 5 minutes. Whisk in the rum and vanilla extract. Next, whisk in half the flour mixture.Preheat the oven to 350ºF (180ºC) and adjust the oven rack to the center of the oven. Heavily butter an 8- or 9-inch spring form pan. In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, and salt. Peel and core the apples, and slice them into wedges.Cake pops are a fun and delicious treat that have become increasingly popular in recent years. These bite-sized treats are perfect for parties, weddings, or just as a sweet snack. ...Jan 6, 2024 · Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. In a large mixing bowl, beat together the oil, sugar, eggs, and vanilla until well combined. Place the flour, salt, and baking soda into a separate bowl; mix together. Add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients, stirring just until just incorporated; batter will be very thick.Get full recipe here http://www.recipe30.com/french-apple-cake.html/We all love a simple recipe that yields incredible results. This is it! A French apple ...Jan 27, 2021 ... This gooey French Apple Cake perfectly embodies the tastes of fall! Made with rum, it's a simple cake that is not too sweet and deliciously ...Sep 20, 2021 · Place the apple pieces in a bowl and squeeze or sprinkle a little lemon juice on each piece as it is cut, to help stop them going too brown. Repeat with the rest of the apples. Preheat the oven to 375F (190C). Cut the butter into cubes and place the butter and sugar in the skillet you used earlier. 4Pour the batter over the apples and bake for 45 minutes on the middle shelf. 5Beat the topping ingredients together and pour over the semi-baked cake. 6Return to the oven for a further 30 minutes. 7Cool the cake in the tin for a further 40 minutes. Loosen sides with a knife and gently shake out onto the cooling rack lined with a piece of ...Nov 2, 2017 · Bake tatin in the oven until the dough turns golden brown color, about 45-50 minutes. Remove from oven and let it cool slightly about 5 minutes. Prepare the large plate or cake stand you wish to serve apple tarte Tatin. Place the plate on top of the pan. Using oven mitts flip the pan.Cake. preheat oven to 200c (400f) bake not fan. in a large bowl combine the flour, sugar, baking powder and salt. add the vanilla, eggs, oil and milk and mix till well combined. add the apple slices and using your hands mix the apple with the batter so as to coat each individual slice of apple. A simple, rustic and incredible cake with diced apples in a buttery batter infused with rum. Learn how to make this easy French Apple Cake with rum, Granny …Jan 24, 2019 · Instructions. Preheat the oven to 190°C and grease and line a 23 cm cake pan. Make flax eggs by mixing the flax meal and water in a small dish. Set aside. Using a mixer, mix the margarine and sugar together until fluffy, approx. 3 minutes. Add the flax eggs and mix. Now add the vanilla and rum.Toss apple slices with Calvados and lemon juice and let cool for 15 minutes. Whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt together in a bowl. Whisk egg, oil, milk, and vanilla together in a second bowl until smooth. Add dry ingredients to wet ingredients and whisk until just combined.This French Apple Cake is super easy, can be made very quickly, and transforms into a fancy cake perfect for a dinner party or special occasion. Plus, all the ingredients are easy to find. The rum and the warm apples wrapped in fluffy cake gives you the perfect bite. Add some whipped cream on top and it becomes delightfully sweet.For the prep: Preheat the oven to 350˚F (175˚C). Spray a 9-inch round cake pan (with at least 2-inch tall sides) with baking spray. Line bottom of the pan with parchment paper and spray parchment paper lightly. Set aside.Feb 5, 2023 · Into a small mixing bowl, weigh the flour, baking powder and salt, stir to mix and set aside. Weigh the sugar and add the eggs to a larger mixing bowl and use an electric whisk to beat until light and fluffy. This will take around 5 minutes. Whisk in the rum and vanilla extract. Next, whisk in half the flour mixture.This simple but delicious French Apple Cake is perfect for when apple season hits. It’s moist, buttery, and filled with chunks of fresh apples. You can enjoy... Whisk the flour, baking powder, and salt together in small bowl. Peel the apples, cut them in half and remove the cores. Cut the apples into 1- to 2-inch chunks. In a medium bowl, beat the eggs with a whisk until they’re foamy. Pour in the sugar and whisk for a minute or so to blend. Melt the butter in a small bowl. In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder and salt. In a large bowl, whisk together the eggs and sugar vigorously until frothy, then whisk in the bourbon and …Sep 26, 2022 · Make the Crumb Topping: Cut the butter into chunks and put it in a microwave-safe bowl. Heat in the microwave until melted. Alternatively, melt the butter in a small saucepan set over low heat. Add the brown sugar, granulated sugar, cinnamon, and salt to a medium size bowl and stir to combine. Toss apple slices with Calvados, lemon juice and cinnamon and let cool for 15 minutes. In a medium-sized bowl, whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt. In a second bowl, whisk the whole egg (not the yolks!), oil, milk, and vanilla together until smooth. Add the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and whisk until just ...1 day ago · Remove the cake from the oven and place it on a rack to cool a bit while you make the frosting. To make the frosting: Sift the confectioners' sugar into a bowl or onto a piece of parchment or wax paper; set it aside. (This guarantees lump-free frosting.) Melt the butter in a medium-sized saucepan over medium heat.Top the apple with the pastry round and fold the edges under to tuck in the apples. Using a sharp knife, make 3 small cuts in the centre of the pastry. Place the pan on a baking tray+ and bake for 35–40 minutes or until the pastry is puffed and golden. Apr 30, 2021 · 3Peel, core and chop the apples, place in the tin. Put the rest of the ingredients into a bowl and using the Hand Mixer with beaters at top speed, beat to a smooth cream. 4Pour the batter over the apples and bake for 45 minutes on the middle shelf. 5Beat the topping ingredients together and pour over the semi-baked cake. Butter a 20cm cake ring or springform cake tin (or 20cm x 8cm rectangle) and place directly on the serving plate. Sprinkle half of the cooled crumble mix evenly on the bottom, then spoon all the apple compote evenly. Top with the rest of the crumble and transfer to the fridge for 24 hours.Instructions. Preaheat oven to 325 degrees Fahrenheit. Prepare the cake pan by spraying a 9-inch springform pan with vegetable oil spray. Peel, core, and slice the apples. In a large microwave-proof bowl, add apples, cover with plastic wrap, and microwave three minutes on high heat. 0:00 / 8:31. This simple but delicious French Apple Cake is perfect for when apple season hits. It’s moist, buttery, and filled with chunks of fresh apples. You can enjoy...Cake pops are a fun and delicious treat that have become increasingly popular in recent years. These bite-sized treats are perfect for parties, weddings, or just as a sweet snack. ...Apr 21, 2023 · Prep time: If the quick puff pastry is frozen take it out to defrost. Treheat the oven to 375 degrees, and use a sharp knife to peel, core, and quarter the apples before starting the recipe. Caramel: Add the sugar to a saucepan over medium heat. Whisk constantly as the sugar melts and turns into a light amber color. Nov 11, 2022 · Instructions. Preheat the oven at 180 degrees C or 365 F. Prepare a 9-inch cake pan for baking-Brush the sides with oil/butter and line with parchment paper. Mix the baking powder, flour and salt in a small bowl. Cut the apples into one inch thin slices.Do not immerse in water. Oct 24, 2023 · Preheat the oven to 425 degrees F (220 degrees C). Coat a 10-inch oven-proof skillet with butter. Sprinkle sugar evenly over the top of the butter. Place apple quarters, rounded sides down, on top of the butter and sugar in a circular pattern. Place skillet over medium-high heat and cook until butter melts and sugar dissolves and begins to ... The exact origins of the French apple cake, or “Gâteau aux Pommes,” are tough to trace, but the dessert is deeply rooted in French culinary traditions, where baking with seasonal fruits is common. Chef John’s take features diced Honeycrisp apples (skin on) and dark rum for a richer flavor. However, you won’t see any of the classic fall ...Aug 11, 2020 · Instructions. Preheat the oven to 160°C (350°F). Grease and line a 20 cm (8 inch) circular cake tin with baking paper. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the oil, eggs, and vanilla essence. Sift over the self-raising flour and caster sugar. Fold together until just combined. Whisk remaining 1 cup sugar, egg yolks, eggs, Calvados and vanilla in large bowl to blend. Gently stir in dry ingredients. Fold in 1/2 cup melted butter. Pour batter …Sep 21, 2022 · Prepare the Pie. Gather the ingredients. Position a rack in the center of the oven and heat to 425 F. The Spruce / Kristina Vanni. Place the apple slices in a large bowl and sprinkle with the lemon juice . The Spruce / Kristina Vanni. In a small bowl, mix together the sugar, flour, and cinnamon until combined.Set wedges aside. Thinly slice remaining onion. In a 3-quart saucier or small skillet, melt 1 tablespoon (15g) butter over medium-high heat until foaming. Add sliced onion, season lightly with salt and pepper, and cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 5 …Sep 18, 2022 · Whisk together the flour, baking powder and salt in a mixing bowl. You can mix the cake batter by hand, with a handheld electric mixer or with a stand mixer with the paddle attachment. Beat the butter and granulated sugar on medium-high speed for about 3 minutes or until light and fluffy. This French Apple Cake is super easy, can be made very quickly, and transforms into a fancy cake perfect for a dinner party or special occasion. Plus, all the ingredients are easy to find. The rum and the warm apples wrapped in fluffy cake gives you the perfect bite. Add some whipped cream on top and it becomes delightfully sweet.25 minutes active, plus cooling. tablespoons (1 stick) salted butter, plus more for pan. teaspoon ground allspice. Heat the oven to 375ºF with a rack in the middle position. Coat a 9-inch springform pan with butter, dust evenly with flour, then tap out the excess. In a 12-inch skillet over medium-high, melt the butter. Preheat the oven to 350ºF (180ºC) and adjust the oven rack to the center of the oven. Heavily butter an 8- or 9-inch spring form pan. In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, and salt. Peel and core the apples, and slice them into wedges.Toss apple slices with Calvados, lemon juice and cinnamon and let cool for 15 minutes. In a medium-sized bowl, whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt. In a second bowl, whisk the whole egg (not the yolks!), oil, milk, and vanilla together until smooth. Add the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and whisk until just ...Cake. preheat oven to 200c (400f) bake not fan. in a large bowl combine the flour, sugar, baking powder and salt. add the vanilla, eggs, oil and milk and mix till well combined. add the apple slices and using your hands mix the apple with the batter so as to coat each individual slice of apple. Oct 30, 2022 · Step 1: Make the batter. Start by mixing soy yogurt, coconut milk, vanilla extract, turmeric, vanilla pudding powder and sugar with an electric mixer until creamy. Then sift in flour and baking powder (to prevent lumps) and mix again until combined. Lastly, fold the finely sliced apples into the batter. Dec 13, 2013 ... French Apple Cake · 3/4 cup (110g) AP flour · 3/4 t baking powder · pinch of salt · 4 medium-large apples (a mix of varieties) ·...Learn how to make a wedding cake for your Big Day in this helpful article. You'll find tips on decorating, stabilizing tiers, and more. Advertisement Why pay big money for an expen...Toss apple slices with Calvados and lemon juice and let cool for 15 minutes. 2. Whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt together in bowl. Whisk egg, oil, milk, and vanilla together in second bowl until smooth. Add dry ingredients to wet ingredients and whisk until just combined.Nov 7, 2023 · Instructions. *Wait to peel and cut the apples until ready to add to the batter. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. with rack in center of oven. Butter a 9” cake pan, bottom and sides. Place a parchment circle over buttered bottom then butter the parchment. Set aside. In a small bowl whisk flour, baking powder and salt. Sep 27, 2019 ... Toss the apples with Calvados and lemon juice and let cool. In a medium bowl, whisk together 1 cup of the flour, 1 cup of the granulated sugar, ...
80ml/2.7flozs. milk. 3 teaspoons vanilla extract or paste. Step 1 - Grease and line a 20cm/8inch round springform tin and preheat oven to 180C/350F. Soak the apples in water with lemon juice until ready for them. Step 2 - …. Mcdonalds happy meal toys disney 100
Place the pan on a wire rack and let cool for 1 hour. Run a small offset spatula or thin knife around the edges of the cake to loosen, then grasp the excess parchment and lift the cake out of the pan and onto the wire rack. Let cool completely, about 1 hour. Dust the top with powdered sugar if desired.Preparation. Preheat oven to 350°F and grease an 8-inch springform pan with butter. Peel and core the apples and chop them into 1/2-inch chunks. Set aside. In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, and salt. In a large bowl, beat the eggs and sugar together with an electric mixer until pale. Sep 28, 2021 · To Make the French Apple Cake. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Coat a 9-inch spring form pan with butter and flour and set aside. In a large skillet (either 10 or preferably 12 inches), add 141 grams of butter and cook until the butter begins to brown. Sep 25, 2018 · Step 1. Preheat your oven to 325 degrees. Spray a 9 X 13 baking dish with cooking spray. Step 2. In a large bowl or stand mixer, mix oil and sugar until well combined. Add in eggs one at a time. Slowly add in self-rising flour until combined and mix in vanilla. Fold in nuts and apples.If you’re a dessert lover, you’ve probably heard of both “hello cake” and “pound cake.” While these two cakes may seem similar at first glance, there are actually some key differen...Oct 2, 2023 · Add milk, and beat until the cake batter is well mixed. Fold in the Apples: Gently fold in cubed apples into the cake batter using a rubber spatula. Pour and Bake: Pour the cake batter into the prepared pan, smoothing the top of the batter with a spatula. Bake in the middle position of the oven for 20 minutes. Toss apple slices with Calvados and lemon juice and let cool for 15 minutes. 2. Whisk 1 cup flour, 1 cup granulated sugar, baking powder, and salt together in bowl. Whisk egg, oil, milk, and vanilla together in second bowl until smooth. Add dry ingredients to wet ingredients and whisk until just combined.Sep 26, 2011 · A simple and delicious dessert with chunks of tart apples in a buttery rum cake. Learn how to make this easy recipe with step-by-step photos, video tutorial, and tips for variations and freezing. An apple pie cares less about moisture content since the top crust remains crisp and above the fray. An apple cake, however, turns to mush with super-juicy apples, or the fruit simply drops to the bottom, forming a wet substrata. Tricky business. Yet the French apple cake offers an offhand charm. Nov 11, 2022 · Instructions. Preheat the oven at 180 degrees C or 365 F. Prepare a 9-inch cake pan for baking-Brush the sides with oil/butter and line with parchment paper. Mix the baking powder, flour and salt in a small bowl. Cut the apples into one inch thin slices.Do not immerse in water. Dec 18, 2023 · Add flour, brown sugar, cinnamon, vanilla, baking powder, baking soda, and salt; mix until well combined. Stir in apples. Pour batter into the prepared pan. Bake in the preheated oven until a toothpick inserted into the center of cake comes out clean, 25 to 30 minutes. Cool in the pan for 10 minutes.Aug 31, 2023 · Preheat the oven to 350°F. Spray a 10-cup bundt cake pan with nonstick baking spray. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour, baking soda, cinnamon, nutmeg, and salt. 2. In another large bowl, whisk together the granulated sugar, vegetable oil, eggs, and vanilla until well combined. 3.Bake for 45 minutes, or until a tester comes out clean. Check also that the apple appears to be cooked, bearing in mind that they won’t melt down like Bramleys. Leave the cake to cool in the tin for at least 30 minutes. Like the other Apple Cake on this site, it’s pretty delicate when it first comes out of the oven.This simple but delicious French Apple Cake is perfect for when apple season hits. It’s moist, buttery, and filled with chunks of fresh apples. You can enjoy... Aug 29, 2023 · Learn how to make apple crumble cake in a few easy steps. Preheat the oven to 350 F (177 C). Grease and line the bottom of a 9 inch (23 cm) springform or cake pan with parchment paper. In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, brown sugar, granulated sugar and ground cinnamon for the streusel topping.Sliced apples are baked to soften and sweeten them, then baked again with Cointreau and a vanilla-scented batter topping that seeps down into the fruit, forming ....